Problem statement: Communities of different classes of citizens are shaped in places and spaces that are generally called collective spaces. Urbanization translates human need for Social life. This need has manifested itself in different behaviors, in various ways and forms, according to different times. During the Buyid period, the city of Shiraz was composed of different strata, each of which had its gatherings. These strata held these gatherings in different or common spaces under the shadow of the tolerance of Buyid with other religions, and relative freedom of thought, Research objective: This study aims to investigate the collective spaces of Shiraz during the Buyid period and scrutinize how they have affected the shape of the city. Also, the role of different strata in the production of collective space is examined by assuming that the contribution of existing space to the dynamism of collective life and urban places was reinforced by the tolerance of the emirs of Buyid with other religions and ethnicities Research method: The research method in this study is historical. This study adopts an analytical approach to examine urban places and their location in the city of Shiraz during the period of the Buyid. To this end, first, the definitions of urban places and Social spaces were summarized, and then these definitions were used, and documents were extracted from primary sources, and research on the urban spaces of Shiraz in the Buyid period was conducted. Conclusion: Mosques, bazaars, schools and schools, government palaces, squares, monasteries and temples, passages, synagogues, churches, and fire temples are the spaces that hosted the Social interactions of Shiraz residents. Spaces that were often created by people. Historical data show that these places, in addition to serving their functions, acted as an urban identity for different strata, and neighborhoods with residents of the same profession had emerged around them. Most of these spaces are located in the southwestern part of the historical area of Shiraz.

The study of Social mobility is part of urban studies. Iranian sociological investigations do not reflect much about the problem of women’s Social mobility; while understanding the dynamics of women’s mobility and its extent can help in planning and policy-making within the framework of Social studies. The present research probes into women’s inter-generation Social mobility in an Iranian urban setting: that of the city of Tehran. This research measures girls’ inter-generation Social mobility (the new generation), as compared to that of their mothers, by considering indices such as level of education, number of children, age of marriage, status of job, and the choice in spouse selection. Moreover, factors influencing inter-generation Social mobility have also been analyzed and assessed. The findings show that the girls under the study (sample population) had greater upward inter-generation Social mobility, as compared with their mothers. This is demonstrated by a comparison of values of indices of inter-generation Social mobility with the earlier generations. This comparison indicated an increasing upward tendency. Among factors influencing such a tendency, the parents’ income was of paramount importance, within other independent variables. Whereas, so much as their grand mothers were concerned, the same importance was attached to the age of marriage.  

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with Social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and Social analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of Social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of Social progress? How do moral actions generate Social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of Social interactions have been Socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with Social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of Social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of Social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

This research tries to analyze Social factors that affect Social mobility in city Kermanshah. By mobility, we mean inter-generational mobility the relevant data of which were collected from a sample of 300 people, using cluster sampling method, as well as questionnaire and interview techniques. The mobility indicator is determined by the difference in level of job status ranking between a child and his/her father. According to this indicator, 18.7% of respondents enjoyed rising vertical mobility, 25.7% had horizontal mobility, and 29.7% had descending mobility and 26% of respondents had no mobility at all. In sum, research findings show that 18% of changes in Social mobility as the dependent variable were determined and could be explained by independent variables of Social capital, socio-economic status, and education and the remaining 82% depend on other variables. The variables of education and Social capital have positive coefficient with the dependent variable while variables of socio-economic status show negative coefficient with the dependent variable.

The examination of the relationship between gender and feeling of public security of the youths of Shiraz and Yasuj city is the main goal of this paper.The quantitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this study. In general, there are two perspectives to the relationship between gender and feeling of security: essentialists and minimalists. Essentialists believe that men and women have intrinsic differences in emotional and behavioral characteristics (emphasis on sex). In contrast, minimalists put focus on the economic structures and Social and cultural specialties that lead to the relative superiority of men over women (emphasis on gender). In addition, they emphasize the intra- gender differences rather than inter- gender ones. The result of this research reflects the importance of both sex and gender in security studies. It means that, women, in general, have lower feeling of Social security than men in each three comparative conditions in Shiraz, Yasuj and together (i.e.sex effect). But, in other dimensions of feeling of Social security, Social- cultural differences of two cities have more determinant effects on amount of feeling of Social security than sex differences (especially in political dimension of security).

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and Social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and Social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of Social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit Social element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a Social element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on Social reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

Social distance is the degree of distance and closeness of individuals and ethnic groups (physical and emotional). Iran is a multi-ethnic society with a different ethnic geographical structure and with diverse ethnic rituals. This has made the existence of Social distance a natural thing. The university is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Accordingly, the main purpose of the research is to survey the sociological distance between students. The research method is survey (quantitative) and its tool is a questionnaire. The level of reliability of the variables was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and the sample size was determined to be 461 using the Cochran's formula. Findings show that the average Social distance between men is higher than women; It is more than urban among villagers and more than married among single people. Findings also indicate that the relationship between Social capital (trust, cohesion and participation), Social prejudice, stereotypes, Social discrimination, historical differences and Social cognition and awareness with Social distance is significant. The regression results show that the coefficient of determination is equal to 0.349.ocial prejudice, stereotypes, Social discrimination, historical differences and Social cognition and awareness with Social distance is significant. The regression results show that the coefficient of determination is equal to 0.349.